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Mature caspase-9 activates effector caspases [23].
Activated caspase-8, in turn, activates the effector caspases resulting in classical apoptotic cell death [3].
In addition, we found that initiator caspases-related proteins may function before effector caspases.
Caspase-3 is the key member of effector caspases (Yuan and Horvitz 2004).
Two peptide sequences which could be cleaved by initiator caspases and effector caspases, respectively, were used.
Activated caspase-8 in turn cleaves and thus activates effector caspases such as caspase-3 and induces the apoptosis eventually.
Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) are important regulators of apoptosis that can prevent activation of effector caspases.
Activated caspase-8 in turn cleaves and thus activates effector caspases such as caspase-3 and induces the apoptosis eventurally [103] (showed in Figure 3).
Conversely, the intrinsic (or mitochondrial) pathway involves the destabilization of the MOM and the release of mitochondrial proteins that activate effector caspases.
(2) The increased expression of cleaved caspase-9 and cleaved caspase-3 represents the activation of initiator caspases and effector caspases, respectively, indicating the detected extrinsic pathway.
Therefore, the holoenzyme formed by the apoptosome complex and caspase-9 is critical to activate downstream effector caspases, such as caspase-3, and caspase-7.
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