Sentence examples for effectiveness of selection from inspiring English sources

The gene-length effects may result from background selection and/or Hill-Robertson effects, each of which interfere with the effectiveness of selection and has a greater effect for longer genes (Comeron et al. 1999; Comeron and Guthrie 2005; Loewe and Charlesworth 2007) that is such processes may interfere with the fixation of optimal codons in longer genes.

Small effective population sizes reduce the effectiveness of selection, allowing altered rates of fixation of deleterious TEs (Charlesworth B and Charlesworth D 1983; Lynch and Conery 2003).

Within this paradigm, slightly-deleterious mutations may be tolerated in species with small effective population size, but not in larger populations, since the overall effectiveness of selection is dependent on the difference in fitness multiplied by the effective population size.

Indeed, linkage between selected loci can reduce the overall effectiveness of selection and the rate of adaptation [23].

It therefore seems that there is a correlation between the effectiveness of selection on non-synonymous mutations and effective population size, even if we control for phylogenetic non-independence.

This is because there is a sharp threshold for the effectiveness of selection s that depends on the effective population size N e ; when this threshold is exceeded (which is when s > 1/ N e ), selection works great, otherwise evolution is neutral.

This means that the presence of group selection or the effectiveness of group selection is to be measured by the existence of nonadaptive behavior on the part of individual organisms along with the presence of a corresponding group-level adaptation.

The majority of the literature on IUI effectiveness comes from uncontrolled retrospective case series and cohort designs, could overestimate treatment effectiveness because of selection bias and consideration of clinical pregnancy as opposed to live birth as the study outcome.

The early-acting beneficial mutations proposed by these theories are maintained in populations despite their subsequent deleterious effects due to the diminishing effectiveness of natural selection as reproductive individuals age (Hamilton 1966; Charlesworth 1980).

As the effectiveness of such selection on synonymous codon usage is also influenced by effective population size, translational selection is expected to be stronger in species with large populations.

A higher effective population size would imply a higher effectiveness of natural selection for phage compared to prokaryotes.