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Soldiers have always favoured grenades for the killing and stunning effect of their explosive power, but the effectiveness of hand grenades has always been limited to the distance they can be thrown.
This study intended to compare the effectiveness of hand files and FlexMaster, ProTaper, and RaCe rotary instruments for removing gutta-percha in curved root canals during retreatment.
Whereas randomised clinical trials may be the ultimate approach to assess the effectiveness of hand hygiene protocols and products in preventing microbial cross-transmission and, ultimately, infections, they can be prohibitively expensive, time-consuming, difficult to design, and therefore impractical.
In 1978 Taylor looked at the duration and effectiveness of hand washing using a dye in alcohol [ 5].
In future research, data generated by the electronic devices can be supplementary used to evaluate the effectiveness of hand hygiene promotion campaigns.
Furthermore, Austin et al [ 6] and Beggs et al [ 7] demonstrated that poor cohorting of nursing staff profoundly influences the effectiveness of hand hygiene measures.
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We note that no randomised multicentre double-blind controlled trials exist to test the effectiveness of hand-washing by doctors and nurses.
Gordon's non-randomised trial (Gordon 2005) assessed the effectiveness of handing out state-specific SCHIP applications in the emergency departments (ED) of hospitals.
None of the included trials assessed the effect of handwashing promotion on diarrhoeal-related deaths, all-cause under-five mortality, or the cost-effectiveness of hand washing promotions.
Further research should be focussed on the question how on-the-job productivity losses could be assessed more clearly, allowing exact calculations on the cost-effectiveness of hand hygiene programmes and on the relationship between the frequency of hand hygiene and symptoms.
The majority of school-based studies to date have used pupil self-reported structured interviews, scoring of demonstrated hand washing acumen of selected pupils, or absenteeism and illness measurements to assess the effectiveness of a hand washing intervention.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com