RSE bf regional substitution effectiveness of a specific biomass type.
SE bf,ff substitution effectiveness of a specific biomass - fossil energy carrier combination and conversion process.
But severe economic difficulties caused by low coffee prices, domestic unemployment, and the apparent end of the effectiveness of import substitution were only partially offset by Alliance aid.
Taking the mean substitution effectiveness of 0.5, substitution is preferable to sequestration.
There is strong evidence for the effectiveness of opiate substitution therapy in reducing mortality and morbidity and improving social functioning amongst problem opiate users in general.
Randomised controlled trials to assess effectiveness of opiate substitution treatment in relation to HIV transmission are no longer ethical, however, given the range of benefits of this treatment, 17 19 20 21 22 so meta-analysis of observational analyses, as conducted here, is required.
Based on univariable metaregression analyses, we found no evidence that the effectiveness of opiate substitution treatment varied according to geographical region or by site of recruitment (P=0.47 and P=0.59, respectively) (figs 4 and 5; table D in appendix 1).
The effectiveness of fossil energy substitution by various solid bioenergy types, the "substitution effectiveness", was defined as "tons of avoidable fossil carbon emissions per ton of biogenic carbon harvested".
The overall effectiveness of substitution depends not only on the characteristics of the reference fuel or material (e.g. fossil fuels, concrete etc).
Assessing the effectiveness of a punch is a slippery task.
