Some two dozen state and local governments, including New York City, have enacted similar "selective purchasing" laws that effectively withhold government contracts from companies that do business in Myanmar or other countries, including Nigeria, Tibet, Indonesia and Cuba.
And it still places a cap on the annual increases that needy school districts can receive, effectively withholding part of the aid they would be entitled to under the formula.
Like the retail depositor of 100 years ago, the institutional investors are effectively withholding their liquid funds from banks whose viability they doubt.
But the most obvious risk of Canin's technique -- the potential lack of narrative tension -- is one he sidesteps, elegantly and effectively, by withholding certain important information until the very end of the novel.
"What a perversion of history, to pass a resolution that effectively endorses an Oliver Stone-type conspiracy about withheld critical information about Pearl Harbor," said Gerald L. Posner, whose book "Killing the Dream" (Random House, 1998) debunked a number of conspiracy theories about the King assassination.
Phipps' friends, family and supporters have long been wringing their hands over the 2001 conviction, complaining that prosecutors bullied witnesses, withheld evidence, and misquoted his lyrics to effectively use his art against him.
Legal experts say this type of approach has been used effectively by consumers who sued tobacco companies and other corporations that deliberately withheld information.
The changes will also spell out the kind of services that must be offered by GPs and will effectively ban them from withholding certain forms of care from patients.
Because the tax increase is retroactive to Jan . 1 city officials said, the amount withheld each week through the end of the year will be effectively doubled, to make up for the first six months of this year when the extra tax was not withheld.
The amounts withheld from a worker's paycheck, and paid by his employer, are effectively credited to an account established just for that worker.
