Private Manning's lawyer and supporters have complained for months about his conditions, which they describe as effectively solitary confinement, since he is kept in his cell 23 hours a day and has almost no contact with other detainees.
Thus, our results suggest that the life-history differences between males (effectively solitary) and females (colonial) may impose divergent selection on expression of immune system genes in social insects.
"Before the pod existed, the de facto situation for the trans folks in immigration custody was to place them in administrative segregation," Keren Zwick, the NIJC attorney, explained to me, "which was a euphemism, effectively, for solitary confinement".
His latest album, "Time Out of Mind" (Columbia), uses a band that hangs several sizes too loose on him; the album portrays him effectively as a solitary, grief-wasted figure.
Humans cannot tolerate social isolation, yet many elder care facilities effectively practice "group solitary confinement". But can we imagine another way?
Since arriving in Moscow, Snowden has been keeping late and solitary hours – effectively living on US time, tapping away on one of his three computers (three to be safe; he uses encrypted chat, too).
In an interview with the Guardian last month, Snowden said that he keeps late and solitary hours – effectively living on US time, tapping away on one of his three computers.
There is concern regarding arthropod pollinators in other orders and families (e.g., Syrphidae and Muscidae flies, solitary bees) effectively providing out-crossing pollination (Brunet and Sweet [2006]), but large floral displays appear to positively affect the rate of out-crossing (Brunet and Sweet [2006]).
Rather than placing the most dangerous prisoners in solitary confinement, enhanced segregation effectively separates them from the general jail population.
This trade off may determine the minimum size of the areas over which stable foraging gangs can operate – gang territories must not be so small that solitary foragers can search them as effectively as a group can.
Queens must forage in order to feed their first clutch of brood, indicating that solitary-founding females in these species are capable of foraging effectively enough to rear through their first generation of brood alone [ 26].
