The p-n junction capacitance decreased and the short circuit current (Isc) increased as the biasing voltage on the ITO electrode was increased, indicating that the depletion width under the ITO region was enlarged and that the photo-carriers generated, transported, and collected photo-carriers more effectively due to the biasing effects.
The photocurrent and conversion efficiency were increased because more photo-carriers are generated in a larger absorbed volume and because the carriers transported and collected more effectively due to higher biasing voltage effects.
In conclusion, the J sc and η of the proposed MOS-structure solar cell with a biasing voltage were increased because more photo-carriers were generated in a largely absorbed volume and because the transport and collection of the carriers were more effectively due to the electrical biasing effects.
Rain gauge, though as a direct precipitation measuring instrument which is technologically mature and widely used, cannot reflect the spatial variation of rainfall effectively due to the distribution of rainfall stations and the very limited effective radius of point measurements (Collischonn et al. 2008; Jia et al. 2011).
Fibrin could be adsorbed effectively, due to the hydrophobicity of the P-QCM surface.
For instance, a solar sail requires much less area to function effectively due to a lower mass to manipulate.
The cobalt-doped fiber used here is an active fiber, and it transforms optical power from a control laser into heat effectively due to the nonradiative processes.
Conventional separation technologies such as adsorption and extraction cannot be applied effectively due to the difficulties in regeneration of adsorbents and entrainment of the solvent.
Hydrophilic polymers, such as poly ethylene glycol), hydrogels, zwitterionic polymers and polysaccharides, resist attachment of marine organisms effectively due to extensive hydration.
It was demonstrated that the electrode acted effectively due to the direct electron exchange between heme of ADH and modified AuNPs.
Case studies e.g. for combustion geometry improvement can be realized effectively due to the short calculation time of the presented model.
