It passed segregationist Jim Crow laws and in 1902 rewrote the Constitution of Virginia to include a poll tax and other voter registration measures that effectively disfranchised most African Americans and many poor whites.
Above all, it is the cause of the battleground state/spectator state bifurcation, which effectively disfranchises the voters of four-fifths of the states, magnifies the power of political money, depresses turnout, and distorts policymaking.
Outmoded and inadequate voting machines and the abuse of discretion by local election officials have effectively disfranchised untold numbers of citizens for a long time without sufficient attention being paid.
The Electoral College would therefore be hostage to districting, which, as everyone knows (or ought to know), has, as far as Congressional elections are concerned, effectively disfranchised all but about ten or twelve per cent of the population — the ten or twelve per cent who are lucky enough to live in competitive districts.
But they were effectively disfranchised by new electoral rules and state constitutions, utterly closed out of the political process.
The changes effectively disfranchised black voters, though many illiterate whites were also unable to meet the new requirements.
The legacy of slavery in the state effectively disfranchised African Americans until after passage of civil rights legislation in the mid-1960s.
In 1901, the Democratic-dominated state legislature passed a bill requiring payment of a poll tax for voting, which effectively disfranchised most blacks, many poor whites and Latinos.
By the turn of the century, African Americans in the South had been effectively disfranchised by violence around elections, and restrictions in voting registration rules, and, finally, constitutional amendments or new constitutions in southern states.
(Congress has since effectively reversed that ruling).
