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From the path model, we quantified the direct and indirect effects of farming intensity on crop productivity to show that effective weed management can sustain crop production in cropping systems with reduced herbicide use.
Because forest crops are rarely irrigated (returns are too low for the capital cost invested), forest plantings on droughty sites require a careful selection of the species and the time for planting and an effective weed control program.
The central development in modern weed control was the introduction in 1945 of so-called organic herbicides; they were revolutionary in that their high toxicity allowed for effective weed control at very low dosages about 1 2 percent of the dosage rates of such earlier weed killers as carbon disulfide, borax, and arsenic trioxide.
In general, effective weed control in no-tillage systems is based on the use of herbicides.
Effective weed management has been identified as a limiting factor in the adoption of conservation tillage systems.
Knowledge of the crop-weed competition period is vital for designing effective weed management strategies in crop production systems.
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Hence, under the conditions and situations analyzed in this study, hybrids containing TM constructs were not effective weeds.
Both active ingredients have been shown to provide effective residual weed control post-application, with Tran et al. (2015) reporting effects on broom seedling survival and growth in a silt loam soil for 3 to 9 months.
The joint application of these methods is rarely used, although it has the potential to gain a predictable and directed vegetation development with effective early weed suppression.
There is continued interest in New Zealand in the potential of non-residual herbicides for effective forest weed control because of the generally dynamic nature of pesticide regulations globally at present.
Water management has long been recognized as an effective cultural weed control practice in lowland rice (Rao et al. 2007), as flooding the soil could affect the density, vigour and uniformity of rice stands, as well as the severity of weed competition and the effectiveness of herbicides (Kim et al. 2001).
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