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Finally, even if ventilation loads induce the highest heating and cooling demands, however the envelope refurbishment is an effective retrofit action.
To develop an effective retrofit scheme using BRKB for this building, 75 types of BRKB analytical models were used to achieve the desired performance levels and analyzed.
An evaluation of the issues that hinder effective retrofit analysis in terms of accessibility, usability, data requirement, and the application of efficiency measures, provides valuable insights into advancing the field forward.
These observations indicate that an effective retrofit strategy, that would reduce both monetary losses and the probability of collapse, could be achieved by increasing the deformation capacity at the soft-story level without altering the isolating effect that the soft-story mechanism provides to the levels above and without any further intervention in the stories above.
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In order to develop a cost-effective retrofit system for deteriorated concrete members, there is a need for sound evaluation of their remaining strength.
One general result this method predicts is that the closer to the pinch the existing heaters/coolers are located, the higher the potential for cost-effective retrofit.
The method uses knowledge about the placement of heaters/coolers in the existing HEN to evaluate the potential for cost-effective retrofit.
It is applied to a San Francisco neighborhood building inventory to estimate the distribution of total repair cost given a scenario earthquake and prioritize cost-effective retrofit schemes in terms of reducing portfolio loss.
Among various retrofitting designs, hybridization, which involves more than one technique by using their synergy, has good potential to overcome the limitations of the technologies involved, thus achieving cost-effective retrofit solutions.
The presented assessment study contributes to improve public safety by exploiting the most recent research outcomes in predicting the seismic response of complex highway bridges, which are essential for developing reliable and cost-effective retrofit strategies.
The results show that not only do the magnitude of the expected losses and resulting retrofit cost benefit differ by location, but the most cost-effective retrofit for a particular bridge may vary as well due to local seismic hazard characteristics and the effect of retrofit at different damage levels.
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