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As a result, liquid water cooled below 0 °C (32 °F) can often remain liquid at subfreezing temperatures because of the absence of effective ice nuclei.
In contrast to cloud condensation nuclei, the most effective ice nuclei are hydrophobic (having a low affinity for water) with molecular spacings and a crystallographic structure close to that of ice.
In cryoET, the effective ice thickness scales with the secant of the tilt angle (Fig. 5).
He's too small to be an effective ice sculpture, but he's too big to fit in a glass.
Open image in new window Fig. 5 The effective ice thickness of slab-shaped specimens increases with tilt angle.
Icing is a strong limitation for the performance of wind turbines in cold climates and the prediction of the performance loss due to ice accretion is essential for designing effective ice mitigation measures.
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The president is effective, ice-cool and solemn as covert commanders-in-chief should be.
In response to their default state of aggression, I have discovered the effective ice-breaker of politeness.
In a process called cloud seeding, silver iodide, with effective ice-nucleating temperatures of less than −4 °C, has been used for years in attempts to convert supercooled water to ice crystals in regions with a scarcity of natural ice nuclei.
(They were called "bergships"; a prototype was built, using a special and effective "reinforced ice," but proved impractical).
However, as discussed in section 3.3, around 6% of MSPs should be negatively charged in the 80 85 km region, and the presence of even a single charge on a nanometer-sized particle can make it an effective PMC ice nucleus by reducing the classical free energy barrier associated with the Kelvin effect.
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