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A cell becomes a neighbor only if its effective elevation (i.e. lava thickness + original elevation) is less than its parent's effective elevation.
This causes an effective elevation of dielectric contrast and effective refractive index, increasing the intensity.
The effective elevation is defined as the thickness of lava in a cell plus its original elevation from the DEM.
D n is the difference in the effective elevation between an active cell and a neighboring cell, D n = E a - E n, where E a refers to the effective elevation of the active cell and E n refers to the effective elevation of an adjacent neighbor.
First, for some fixed h eff and certain r ref from the simulation, we determined an effective elevation angle from Eq. (4).
If an active cell has neighbors, then its excess lava is distributed proportionally to each neighbor based on the effective elevation difference between the active cell and each of its neighbors.
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Panels a and b correspond to the first distance calculated on the assumption of fixed effective height (unknown elevation) and known elevation, respectively.
We searched for the range gate with maximum power within the mask and recorded corresponding slant range, elevation angle, and effective height values.
In case of the absence of the elevation measurement, the effective height is usually assumed to be fixed at a specific value (Bristow et al. 1994; Grocott et al. 2013; Oinats et al. 2015), or some empirical height models could be used (Chisham et al. 2008; Yeoman et al. 2008).
In cases without elevation measurement, it is reasonable to use the simulated effective height.
Elevation angles are necessary for mapping the radar data and more accurate determination of the effective height where the HF waves are reflected.
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