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Structural columns in engineering practice may weaken over time as a result of corrosion, erosion, impact, fatigue cracking or similar effects that reduce their effective cross-section.
At high temperature failure results from excessive lateral deflections and second order flexural effects due to reductions the walls' effective cross-section and flexural rigidity, as well as a shift of the effective neutral axis in bending during fire.
The European standard accounts for distortional buckling effects by reducing the effective area of flange stiffeners using an effective thickness method, and covers the effect of distortional global interaction by using the effective cross-section for overall buckling strength checks.
This effect is basically a consequence of the reduction of the material's effective cross-section when an AC current flows due to the skin effect.
A scheme for effective cross-section calculation in this type of reactions has been discussed.
The effective cross-section of the carrier tube for powder carrying was found reduced.
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The models have six inputs including the splice length, the relative rib area, the minimum concrete cover, ratio of the area of longitudinal tension bars to the effective cross section in the splice region, ratio of the cross-sectional area of stirrups to their spacing in the splice region and concrete compressive strength.
The electrolyte composition influences the effective cross section of the diffusion process in the solid phase through its effect on the surface chemistry of the oxide cathode.
The effective cross section of the flow channel without a wall coating was 15.9 mm × 25.4 mm.
New centers emitting under reverse bias and characterized by the highest effective cross section for the excitation of Er3+ ions were observed.
The 3D nanostructures would cause the incident light to converge, amplify the total absorption of excitation light and increase the effective cross section of Raman scattering.
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