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On one hand, the wood will degrade decreasing its effective cross sectional area with time.
In this condition, the effective cross sectional area of the valve is the sum of sectional area of orifices.
The re-filling process increased effective cross sectional area of the nugget, resulting in higher tensile strength.
That should apply to all orifice numbers and, making that voltage difference represented by ΔV, we can approximate the effective cross sectional area.
From Eqs. (4) and (5), flow rate is proportional to effective cross sectional area and consequently is proportionate to applied voltage.
When the applied pressure is constant and consequently V min and V max are constant, increase of effective cross sectional area changes in proportion to applied voltage, from first orifice opening to final orifice opening.
Similar(53)
In the determination of the strength of hybrid sections, the effective cross-sectional area calculated on the basis of the dynamic yield stresses can be employed.
The proposed method includes the strain hardening benefits for stocky sections, and abolished the necessity of calculating effective cross-sectional properties for slender sections.
Hence at high velocities one may expect where A′ is some effective cross-sectional area, presumably comparable to its true cross-sectional area A (which is πD2/4 for a sphere) but not necessarily exactly equal to this.
Meanwhile, the conductors themselves can be made thinner, because they do not suffer from the so-called "skin effect"—the tendency of an alternating current to flow mostly near the surface of a conductor, reducing its effective cross-sectional area and increasing its resistance in the process.
Effective cross-sectional area (m2).
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