This (known in the trade as "vacatur") has the effect of wiping out the record of what had happened in the district court, in effect treating all of that, including Orrick's opinion, as if it had never occurred.
With this design, the role of autosomal genetic variants is assessed by in effect treating the nontransmitted parental alleles as controls for affected offspring.
The guardianship rule under which women must get permission from their husband, father or, less commonly, brother or son, to travel, work or get medical treatment remains in place, in effect treating half the adult population as minors.
As the airwaves grow ever more congested with modern wireless communications, the federal government is developing plans to open up the spectrum by in effect treating its frequencies as commodities to be bought and sold as routinely as pork bellies or soybeans in the open market.
Therefore, in this study, the common mode error of the Chugoku region (dotted rectangle in Fig. 1) was subtracted from the coordinates of all stations, in effect treating the entire Chugoku region as fixed.
For a particular class of GAMMs, we propose a conditional estimation procedure built on a conditional likelihood for the response given a sufficient statistic for the random effect, treating the random effect as a nuisance parameter, which thus should be robust to its distribution.
