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These traits were also identified as "effect" traits for their influence on soil structure.
Species richness and functional diversity of response and effect traits were partitioned along spatial scales.
Shifts in functional assemblages of response and effect traits were analyzed by multivariate analyses, whereas changes in single trait metrics were analyzed by mixed-model effects.
We examined differences in species and functional assemblages, splitting response and effect traits, across various habitats and levels of agricultural intensification.
We identified earthworm "response" traits that had been selected and assessed consequences of these changes on effects of earthworm communities (via their "effect" traits) on soil processes and ecosystem services.
The contrasting disturbance regime from boundaries to inner-fields overflows the potential shifts in functional assemblages both for response and effect traits due to the gradient of landscape heterogeneity.
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They show favorable trends such that health of the Framingham studies participants either did not change or improved over time for the most serious small-effect traits.
METHODS:We selected 37 small-effect traits consistently measured in the 9th (performed in 1964) and 14th (1974) Framingham Heart and 5th (1991-1995) Offspring Study exams to construct indices of cumulative deficits (DIs).
In particular, is variability in response and effects traits typically correlated?
Mathematical modeling has suggested that multiple-effect traits may be very common in ecological speciation [ 80].
These traits have also been called "multiple-effect traits" – to distinguish between traits and their effects – and it has been suggested that the term "magic" is misleading because it implies that these traits automatically cause speciation or could somehow circumvent the normal processes of evolution [ 79].
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