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The contrast-invariance of orientation tuning thus revealed showed the limitations of the purely feedforward model of orientation selectivity, initially proposed by Hubel and Wiesel (1962) [1], which predicts that, through an "iceberg effect", orientation tuning curves should widen when contrast increases (for a comprehensive account of the "iceberg problem" see [13], [14]).
Comprehensive approaches to reintegration should take a survivor-oriented approach, satisfying the standards of process orientation (emotional healing and overcoming trauma) and effect orientation (emotional stabilization and social inclusion), as well as change in policies and enhancing survivors' protection (32).
When gratings were presented, the population tuning curves showed a peak at the preferred orientation, and a significant reduction as the difference between preferred orientation and presented orientation increased (P < 0.001, three-factor anova, main effect orientation; Table 1).
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The model does not include any attempts to actually fit the data by introducing background effects, orientation, or any other parameters.
Finally, plot A shows that, in the same way as the effect of orientation depends on matrix shape, the effect of shape depends on orientation.
The effect of orientation on the carrier injection and transport properties depending on the chain orientation direction was evidenced.
The question of interest was whether this priming effect was orientation-dependent or orientation-invariant.
We also found that the effect of orientation of graphene flake relative to Au substrate is critical in determining friction.
The effect of orientation hardening of matrix polymers on the toughness of polymer blends was examined.
The effect of orientation angle, thickness ratio and sintering parameters on the mechanical properties and microstructure were investigated.
Numerically, there is not much effect of orientation on total solar fraction of a day for a greenhouse.
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