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Rather, higher doses of CyA have a detrimental effect on tolerance induction.
A significant three-way interaction between Genotype, Load, and Diet represents a genotype-by-environment effect on tolerance.
To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of an effect on tolerance against oxidative stress, aging and lifespan of a secreted isoform of the ROS scavenging system.
Another study investigating the effect of bloodfeeding on permethtrin tolerance in both a susceptible and resistant strain of An. funestus revealed that a previous blood meal had no effect on tolerance in the susceptible strain but significantly increased tolerance in the resistant strain [ 56].
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In both studies, the gene MKT1 was identified as causative allele for improved tolerance to high ethanol concentrations and high temperature, showing that indeed one gene can have pleiotropic effects on tolerance to multiple types of stress.
Outbreeding had no significant effects on tolerance to artificial damage (Table 2; Fig. 1c).
This demonstrates how between-population outbreeding effects on tolerance range from outbreeding depression to outbreeding benefits among plant populations.
This variation in outbreeding effects on tolerance could reflect among-population variation in the underlying mechanisms of tolerance and/or in related allocation patterns (e.g., [21]).
Therefore, it is unlikely that the observed among-populations variation in outbreeding effects on tolerance is explained by genetic or geographic distance among populations.
Furthermore, because outbreeding effects on tolerance and resistance are likely to vary among populations, conclusions on outbreeding effects on these defence strategies should not be drawn from studies considering only one or very few populations.
In any case, the fact that outbreeding effects on tolerance and resistance can vary among populations ranging from outbreeding benefits to depression highlights the importance of considering multiple populations when investigating outbreeding depression.
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