Both static and intertemporal dilemmas have effects on the divergence between the system company optimum and the socially optimum level of technological development.
If Panthera leo fossilis is a poor indicator of the split between P.leo leo and P.leo spelaea, then this would have concomitant effects on the divergence estimate [ 44].
However, insertions/deletions (indels) between duplicated genes, which may cause shifts of reading frame [ 32], have greater effects on the divergence in protein secondary structures [ 33- 35].
The complexity and variability of the flexible mating strategies and sex-specific dispersal patterns in gibbons make it difficult to readily elucidate their effects on the divergence time estimates.
Our results confirm the hypothesis of matrix instability and provide new evidence that epigenetic effects, selection and genotype by environment interaction can have instantaneous and strong effects on the divergence in the orientation, eccentricity and size of the matrix in a polluted environment.
These genes showed an extremely significant lower level of nucleotide diversity and Tajima's D values (P = 5.22E-05 and 1.23E-30, respectively, Mann–Whitney U test) compared with other genes in the genome (fig. 1 A), suggesting a potential selection effects on the divergence observed here.
Briefly, to consider the buffering or amplifying TE effect on the transcription divergence, genes that showed significant differences in both transcription and TE were investigated.
Our results indicate that when all calibrations are combined, the teiid calibration does not have a significant effect on the estimated divergences for lacertids, since its exclusion only marginally alters the ages of the other splits.
It should be noted that the external fossil calibration prior used in our analysis has had a substantial effect on the estimates of divergence times when compared to using only the internally calibrated mutation rate from the control region data.
The chromosome effect on the HM-code divergence between duplicate genes may suggest an alternative interpretation about a higher similarity of HM distance between duplicate genes than random pairs.
