But the broader effect on the contest is less clear, particularly if the Republican field remains fractured.
Mr. Lazio's decision should have no effect on the contest to succeed him as the representative from the Second Congressional District, in Suffolk County.
A charged-down kick also had a significant effect on the contest, Waldrom showing good skills to touch down after Mitch Lees had blocked Ben Botica's attempted clearance.
Here, we manipulated both age and social experience of male burying beetles (N. vespilloides) to investigate their effects on contest behavior, contest outcome, and winner loser effects.
"The launch doesn't seem to be having much effect on the current presidential contest one way or the other," said John Delury, a professor at Yonsei University in Seoul who is an expert on North Korea.
Stephen Colbert's super PAC-enabled presidential "exploration" -- in which the host plans on taking credit for any and all votes cast for Herman Cain -- won't actually have much effect on the larger GOP contest.
In Pagurus bernhardus, males possess larger chelipeds than females, but cheliped size had no effect on the outcome of contests over shells (Briffa and Dallaway 2007), indicating that competition for shells does not oppose sexual dimorphism in this trait.
As, however, olfactory signals produced by contestants (Barata et al. 2007) could influence the behavior of fish in later contests, we confirmed that the number of previous contests on the same day had no effect on the activities of the contestants (generalized linear model testing the effects of contest number on the rates of charges and displays; all p values >0.2).
And because it leaves everyone with less to spend, it has essentially no effect on the outcomes of those contests.
Males that scored higher on PC2 (i.e. had more asymmetric mandibles) than their rivals won fewer fights than would be expected by chance (13/39 = 33%, binomial p = 0.053), although the magnitude of the difference in PC2 between males had no significant effect on the outcome of aggressive contests (χ2 = 2.138, p = 0.144, Nagelkerke R2 = 0.071).
It is unclear exactly what effect Mr. Bloomberg could have on the contest, which is shaping up as a battle between Marty Markowitz, the Brooklyn borough president; Council Speaker Christine C. Quinn, Comptroller William C. Thompson Jr. and Congressman Anthony D. Weiner, all Democrats.
