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Several mutated residues in one protein may have a synergetic effect on the cause and severity of a disease phenotype.
He added: "The trauma caused to the front of his brain is likely to have had a considerable effect on the cause of death".
I remember as a small child how heavy it was to head a leather football". The coroner, Mr Haigh, said: "Jeff Astle was a top footballer who was known for heading the ball". He added: "The trauma caused to the front of his brain is likely to have had a considerable effect on the cause of death". After the verdict, Astle's daughter, Dawn Astle, said: "We wanted justice and for the truth to be known.
The dependence of the effect on the cause is easy to understand: if there was no cause there would not have been any effect.
This occurs because the effect of a covariate on the cumulative incidence of a particular cause is mediated via its direct effect on the cause specific hazard of that cause and via its indirect effect on the cause specific hazards for other cause [ 43].
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Testing the treatment effect on the cause-specific hazard allows one to evaluate the net effect of covariates on each event; even though quite intuitive, this strategy has been criticized because it compares the treatment arms in terms of the risk of each event type while ignoring all the others.
The point is that the millions spent in Georgia on testing could be spent in ways that could have an ameliorative effect on the causes of poverty and thus a beneficial effect on schooling.
The planetary hypothesis of the solar cycle is an old idea in which the gravitational influence of the planets has a non-negligible effect on the causes of the solar magnetic cycle.
Testing the treatment effect on the cause-specific death rate requires paying attention to the effect on the competing events.
Sixteen informative covariates corresponding to a sparse true model were considered with an effect on the cause-specific hazards for events of type 1 (the first cause of failure from disease) and/or type 2 (the second cause of failure from disease).
The competing risks situation at hand, however, requires careful interpretation of the results: for example, in model 2 we find that pneumonia on admission has a (non-significant reducing) effect on the cause-specific hazard ratio of death, and an even more reducing (and significant) effect on the CSHR of discharge.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com