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The contrasting findings, the authors speculate, may reflect age-specific differences in body iron stores and in the variants' effect on lead metabolism.
Because members of a twin pair are of the same age regardless of zygosity, and age had a substantial effect on lead values, dropping the age effect produced an increase in within-pair correlations in both MZ and DZ pairs.
In Kenya however, Were et al [ 100] reported that socio-economic background, health conditions, dietary habits and urban or rural living had a significant effect on lead, cadmium, zinc and iron concentrations in the fingernails of school children.
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However, NAC pre-treatment of cells had no effect on lead-induced changes in mitochondrial ROS or membrane potential (Fig. 5A and B).
New studies on the effect of lead on the fetus are now under way in other cities, and proof of his theory must await those results.
The effect of lead on myelination was one of hypomyelination.
However, there is paucity of information about its protective effects on lead acetate (LD) toxicity.
Hence, both the number of shotgun pellets and large fragments, which were removed after cooking, and the number of small fragments, which were not, had significant separate effects on lead concentration in the cooked meal.
Other measures of environmental exposure (residential location) and socioeconomic status (self-reported social class) did not show independent effects on lead concentration, although minor effects of residential location were seen for women in the univariate analysis.
Mineral deficiencies appear to have some of the most profound effects on lead toxicity, since the consequences of plumbism can be exaggerated by feeding diets low in calcium, phosphorus, iron, zinc, and in some cases, copper.
However, because the measures of environmental exposure did not show significant effects on lead levels, they are unlikely to have affected the comparison of MZ and DZ pair similarities.
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