For language use activities involving reading in English, for instance, the identified subthemes included input for reading assignments (content/amount of reading and availability/quality of the text), expected output of reading assignments, the effects of disciplinary knowledge on reading comprehension, the effects of language of reading on course achievement, and instructor support.
It also exerted a significant negative effect on language scores for five of the six subscales of both language measures.
In this section, we consider the impact of age at arrival on wages through its effect on language proficiency and the level of education.
Again, we find no significant short-run treatment effect on language acquisition when comparing the means of treatment and recommended control group.
The associated advantages, such as more highly educated parents or more parental involvement, might have the greatest effect on language skills, 39 40 perhaps explaining some of the variation in the findings for the different aspects of cognition.
Green has had a similar effect on the language of design and marketing.
Currently, the treatment of KS often involves testosterone replacement therapy, which is understudied but reported to have positive effects on language, intellectual, and motor skills of pre-school KS boys [ 34, 35].
Continued exploration of these effects on language comprehension in ASD still promises to provide improved intervention strategies or, potentially, increased diagnostic resolution for these children.
The chapter highlights the role of layers of language abstraction and their effect on semantics of language statements and shows how these languages can be built up from low-level primitives through virtualiation layers to high-level constructs, so that we might build new languages that are "correct by construction".
