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In a case control study, which reported a dose-dependent association between paracetamol use and asthma, a progressively greater risk in those with more severe disease was noted, suggesting an effect on causation and severity of the disease.
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Furthermore, existing research methods remain ill equipped to disentangle specific housing characteristics from a host of confounding variables to discern their effect on disease causation and exacerbation.
Difference-making in this manipulationist sense is understood as a relationship between variables in which interventions on cause variables can be used to change the value of effect variables (see the entry on causation and manipulability).
Under such circumstance, ontological antireductionists often suggest that the higher-level systems may start to exert an effect on the lower level ones, a top-down causation or macrodeterminism [ 63, 80] that reverses the usual bottom-up causation of the reductionist.
Women with nondense breasts still get breast cancer, and agents with completely different mechanisms of action, such as the bisphosphonates, have a major effect on bone mineral density, and so causation is multifunctional.
The diagnostic overlap between ataxic cerebral palsy, non-progressive cerebellar ataxia and other conditions such as intellectual disability and autistic spectrum disorder raises important questions about the use of the diagnostic term 'cerebral palsy', its relationship to perinatal injury and the effect of presumed causation on obstetric practice.
Her work on causation demonstrated reliance on ordinary language methodology.
(For Reid on causation and free will, see Yaffe 2004).
See the entry on 'Causation and Manipulability' for extensive discussion.
(See also Hume on Causation in section 4.4).
The cross-sectional nature prohibits inference on causation.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com