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It is not clear what the usual situation is for bees, but nest site selection has an effect on body size variation [44] as might recruitment system [45].
While the number of vertebrae had a positive effect on body size, no evidence for a genetic correlation between body size and vertebral number was detected.
This QTL has a general effect on body size, affecting the length of the tail and most bones studied, as well as having a weaker effect on mass.
The climatic components did not influence clutch size among species (Table 3) but the climatic component CC2, which is associated with rain patterns, had a positive effect on body size across tropidurines (ß = 9.798, p<0.01, Table 4).
As shown in Table 1, most of the peptides and proteins tested did not have a significant effect on body size, egg mass production, hatching success or food consumption.
Although Frayling et al. found that the association of the FTO gene and diabetes was mediated by BMI in a genome-wide association study of British diabetes cases and controls [7], the results for this cohort suggest that the gene plays a role in the susceptibility to diabetes that cannot entirely be accounted for by its effect on body size.
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Thereby the 4 VP milk replacers had no adverse effects on body size of calves; 3) all groups showed no significant difference in the serum contents of urea nitrogen, total protein, albumin, globulin, β-hydroxybutyrate, growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-1, and the ratio of albumin to globulin (A G) (P > 0.05).
Our results, and those of a recent experiment by Barrett et al. [28] on another insect having similar feeding habits in both stages, support the conventional view that resource stress during development translates into a lower lifetime fitness via its detrimental effects on body size and energy reserves, which are independent of the adult environment.
This study demonstrated positive effects on body size outcomes and has several strengths.
For these reasons we were unable to confidently explain the positive effects on body size.
An analysis of variance indicates that population, morph, and sex have significant effects on body size (Table 3).
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