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The effect of tongue cleaning on digestive power is mentioned in Ayurvedic information sources.
Limitation of the study: Food habits and use of soft drinks or fruit juices may have also influenced the results and worsened the effect of tongue piercing, but these questions were not asked and could therefore not be considered.
Thus, the previous and present results show that the effect of tongue cleaning on reduction of bacterial amount is not remarkable, and it remains unclear whether tongue cleaning has a practical effect to reduce bacterial load in the whole oral cavity.
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Even though lists were identical except for item order, robust effects of tongue twisters were observed.
We aimed to evaluate the effects of tongue cleaning on digestive power from Ayurvedic viewpoint, and on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in healthy adults.
The effects of tongue cleaning on reconstruction of bacterial flora in dental plaque and tongue coating itself are obscure.
Within the limitations of this study, this case control study has demonstrated the adverse long-term effects of tongue piercing.
Our present findings provide additional evidence to elucidate the effects of tongue cleaning, though there are some limitations.
Previous research has shown beneficial effects of tongue strengthening therapy in older adults (Robbins 2005) and in adults with primarily acute-phase stroke (Robbins 2007).
Accordingly, here is our response to the letter to the editor, "Design and analytical issues: a response to 'Long-term effects of tongue piercing a case control study.'" It is right that in this case a cohort study was performed and not a case control study because the endpoints were dental problems and not if the participants have got a piercing [ 1].
A systematic classification of the side effects of tongue piercing documented in the literature suggests that three types of complications can be distinguished: complications during piercing (complications during the initial procedure), complications immediately following piercing (primary postoperative complications) and long-term complications (secondary postoperative complications) [ 5].
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