The higher diversity of herbivores compared to Caribbean reefs, and therefore smaller differences in trophic cascades between fished and unfished reefs, is likely to have been an important factor limiting the effect of the reserves on coral recovery rates.
To assess the effects of the reserve network, we generated a larval export model and tested its predictions through observations of currents and bi-annual density counts of juvenile rock scallops and murex snails within reserves and fishing grounds prior and after reserve establishment (summer 2002-summer 2004).
This has had the effect of increasing the reserves in the system that are available for lending.
Indeed, it suffers from the confounding effect of the cognitive reserve and cannot directly reveal the underlying pathology.
Two different approaches have been taken to study the effects of cognitive reserve studies that have investigated the effect of cognitive reserve on the relationship between biomarkers and cognition or the effect of cognitive reserve on declining cognition.
The studies that have investigated the effect of cognitive reserve on the rate of decline in Alzheimer's disease (i.e. after onset of dementia) support the hypothesis that although cognitive reserve may delay the onset of dementia, after the onset of dementia the rate of cognitive decline differs based on the subjects' cognitive reserve.
In particular we found evidence that λCR+ and λCR− are constants independent of the biomarker variable, i.e. the effect of cognitive reserve is additive; therefore, the distance moved by the cognition curve relative to the biomarker curves would be the same irrespective of the biomarker type.
Several recent studies have used biomarkers to understand the effect of cognitive reserve on the relationship between pathology and cognition (Stern, 2009).
Despite the moderate effect size, its presence supports the persisting effect of cognitive reserve on the absolute level of cognition, and to a lesser extent the rate of cognitive decline, even in the presence of a dementing illness.
After all, same-sex couples still have all the rights included in the "marriage bag" and so the actual effect of reserving the term marriage to heterosexual couples is not significant enough to warrant a more extensive constitutional approval process.
