In contrast, many more mutations are effectively neutral in D. miranda, but the average effect of the mutations incorporated would be larger.
To evaluate the effect of the mutations on ethanol tolerance, the specific growth rate of mutated strains was quantified in M9 medium with 5%% ethanol.
To further examine if the XCPE2 sequences in these promoters are functioning as core promoter elements, we mutated the XCPE2 sequences and tested the effect of the mutations on the promoter activity.
To test the effect of the mutations on VirS function, a 3.8-kb XbaI/SalI fragment from each mutated plasmid was isolated, cloned into the XbaI/SalI site of the E. coli/C.
To do this, scientists study the effect of the mutations in cancer cell lines and animal models of the disease.
Kinetic analysis and modelling studies have been performed to understand the effect of the mutations found.
However, like the wildtype IgG subclass binding hierarchies, the effect of the mutations varied between different receptors.
Regardless of the mechanism underlying the effect of the mutations, it is important for screening approaches that they do not have a major influence on transport kinetics and inhibition.
To examine the effect of the mutations R334Q and A337R in the absence of other mutations, these mutations were introduced into the wild-type enzyme, and the catalytic properties were characterized (Table 2).
The effect of the mutations was assessed by circular dichroism spectroscopy from urea-induced equilibrium unfolding experiments and in time-resolved mode to follow the kinetics of refolding and unfolding.
In accordance with the negligible effect of the mutations on catalytic activity and stability, the X-ray structure of M47D contains only minor local perturbations at the dimer interface.
