We find an "efficiency" effect: on the flat part of the fee schedule providers reduce treatment duration by 2 to 7% compared to a control group.
Tannenbaum and Shakhnovich have termed this effect the error cascade [ 66], and in fact, the survival-of-the-flattest effect [ 32, 33, 46] can be considered as a special case of this error cascade.
The survival-of-the-flattest effect postulates that under high mutation rates natural selection does not necessarily favor the faster replicators.
Comas et al. studied to what extent the survival-of-the-flattest effect would be affected by population size, and found that population size played only a minor role in determining the position of the critical mutation rate at which the flatter strain began to outcompete the fitter strain.
To optimize membrane bioreactor (MBR) equipment specifications and operating conditions in order to reduce the aeration rate, we investigated effects of the flat sheet membrane clearance and the bubble diameter on the shear stress on the membrane surface.
"Having the angles instead of the arc was quite intriguing," said Wilson, who is awaiting the results of a University of Ottawa kinesiology study on the effects of the flat-bottom V. Depending on the angle at which the fangs are cut, he said, "when a player stops, he doesn't have that 'chattering' effect".
This can also happen with some performance exhausts and is dangerous because of the "station wagon" effect, where the flat back of the vehicle creates a vacuum as it goes down the road and can suck the exhaust back into the passenger compartment.
The specific aim of this study is to determine the effect of wear flat inclination angle on the frictional force acting on the wear flat surface of a single blunt cutter over a wide range of depths of cut (d).
Finally, we used two-way analysis of variance to test whether the random effect of flat or the fixed effect of genotype of Cyp79f1 predicted the absolute amount of leaf area that the herbivore T. ni removed after 3 hr from a single leaf.
"It is great to see the chancellor putting additional money into innovation and recognizing the value of science," says Naomi Weir, acting director of the Campaign for Science and Engineering (CaSE), an advocacy group in the United Kingdom, which remains concerned about the effects of inflation on the flat budget for core funding.
