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Alternatively, if the ratings form is completed by reviewers after the collaborative process, how have the authors accounted for the potential confounding effect of the collaboration?
Robert S. Nelsen, president of U.T.-Pan American, said a side effect of the collaboration had been a need to increase the rigor of his school's college courses to account for students' increased preparedness.
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This multidisciplinary approach to GTV definition was first investigated in a retrospective study in several tumour types in order to develop useful methods for recording the volumes and the effects of the collaboration.
Although representativeness and sample size are not the major concern in qualitative research (33, 34), future research could be built on these findings with a larger sample size and a mixed design to understand the effect of this collaboration.
The effect of the international collaboration on the knowledge flow is computed in the last columns of Table 6 and Table 7 and displayed in Fig. 6.
If we denote τ d the domestic transmission power, τ f the foreign one and τ g the global one, the effect of the international collaboration on an area may be measured with the scalar ( frac{tau_{mathrm{g}}-{tau}_{mathrm{d}}}{tau_{mathrm{g}}} ) expressed as percentage.
We then decompose the innovational effects of firm firm networks into two categories (intra- and inter-sector) to distinguish the effects of these collaboration networks.
The objective of this paper was to measure the effect of international collaboration on the mutual information and how knowledge flows among innovations actors.
Simulation runs show, among other results, that (a) the simulation exhibits network effects, i.e., the model captures the beneficial effect of collaboration; (b) the density of connections produces diminishing returns in term of the benefits on the invention rate; and (c) limits on the cognitive capacity of the individual agents have the counterintuitive consequence of focusing their efforts.
The large variability of the effect of international collaboration on knowledge sharing in West Africa (cf. Fig. 6) is an illustration.
This paper suggests considering three levels of study to assess the effect of international collaboration on an innovation system: the domestic one, the foreign one and the global one.
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