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On the other hand, genes identified by microarray analysis are expected to be a mix of causal genes and the genes that are differentially expressed because of the ripple effect of the causal genes.
Changes in the host's gene expression in response to bacterial or pore-forming toxins have been extensively monitored to identify genes and pathways involved in reducing the effect of the causal agent [18]; [18].
More complex models might incorporate selection and/or different directions of effect of the causal variants on the trait.
As none of them are in LD with a coding variant, the effect of the causal SNP may be exerted through a regulatory mechanism.
HETEROGENEITY: test of heterogeneity of the effect of the causal SNP between sub-phenotypes within a multinomial regression framework (2,000 cases against 2,000 controls).
In other cases, the phenotype itself may be difficult to define (eg, fibromyalgia) or show substantial intraindividual variability (eg, blood pressure), diluting the observable effect of the causal variant on the phenotype of interest.
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The assumption of 2 rates has no real effect on the causal probability of PID.
Unlike the effects of the causal FAD mutations Aβ40 and Aβ42 levels were similar for N417Y and wild type NCSTN.
It is possible that the effects of the causal variants are too small to be accurately captured by the two samples.
The results of this study highlight only a small loss in power for the sex-differentiated meta-analysis when the allelic effects of the causal variant are the same in males and females.
Comparative analysis of women who had both near miss and a perinatal loss, but who had low K10 scores (n = 5) highlighted a similar underlying factor that lessened the effects of the causal pathway between near miss and psychological distress.
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