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An objection that might be raised about our findings is that rather than indicating an effect of speciation on rates of evolution, the reverse could be true.
It is also possible that the positive association between rates of molecular evolution and clade size observed in some taxa is not due to a direct effect of speciation on molecular evolution, or vice versa, but the result of another variable driving both processes independently of each other, leading to an indirect correlation between the two.
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The effect of nickel speciation on the uptake and activity of nickel-limited anaerobic granular sludge was studied as well.
Indeed positive selection occurred in the original branch and in almost all internal branches of this clade, thereby diluting the effect of wasp speciation on cystatin divergence.
This measure is limited because it does not discriminate between the effects of speciation vs. extinction on extant diversity, leaving uncertainty in which of these two evolutionary processes are actually correlated with nucleotide substitution rates.
These two tests are complementary in that the first focuses specifically on the effects of speciation, whereas the second focuses on absolute time effects, which may or may not be related to speciation.
Other improvements include the incorporation of brominated phenols in the data set, and data for the speciation of halogenated phenols at pH 7. The effect of pH on speciation noticed above may affect which dechlorination reaction is energetically most favorable.
In relation to the notion of species, we also examined the effect of recombination on speciation by introducing a recombination step in the model.
The model can also easily determine the effect of pH on the speciation of Fe(III) in seawater[7] (Fig. 4) and NaCl solutions[3] (Fig. 9).
Samples from 2 depths from each site, one from the surface and one deeper in the sediment column were chosen to evaluate the effect of diagenesis on P speciation.
An examination of the effect of pH on the speciation of Fe3+ in seawater shown in Fig. 4 demonstrates that the FeF2+ species, which maximizes at pH 2.5 is important and is responsible for the lower rate of reduction in seawater.
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