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Meanwhile, the variable 'distance to the closest city' was divided in three classes, to detect the possible effect of remoteness (implying less extraction pressure and thus more available timber on the one hand, and more difficult access on the other, which we hypothesised could favour intermediate distances).
There was a small but statistically significant effect of remoteness on physical impairment (accounting for under one percent of the explained variation), which disappeared when cohort membership was accounted for (see Additional file 1: Table S1, β = 0.02, p = 0.404).
One-way ANOVA revealed a small significant effect of remoteness category on social capital ratings (F 2, 1202)= 6.93, p <.001, eta-squared =.011) with Scheffé post hoc tests indicating that participants from inner regional areas (N = 484, mean = 9.06, SD = 2.13) reported significantly lower (p <.001) social capital than those from remote/very remote areas (N = 285, mean = 9.65, SD = 1.99).
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Researchers interested in examining effects of remoteness should consider collaborations with similar cohorts to improve their representativeness.
While it is unclear why some studies of psychological distress do not show gender effects, we also observed no differential effect of gender by remoteness, suggesting that community remoteness was not a factor in the lack of gender effect, as previously proposed [ 40].
However, when patterns of association are of interest, such as the mediating effects of geographic remoteness on determinants of mental health outcomes, combining datasets may provide a more systematic and thorough investigation.
Hierarchical linear regressions were used to assess: 1) the impact of cardiovascular and affective conditions on physical and psychological quality of life impairment; and 2) any influence of remoteness on these effects (N = 4364).
Discrete-time multilevel logistic survival analysis was used to quantify the effect of area disadvantage and geographic remoteness on all-cause and CRC-specific survival after adjusting for individual-level factors.
An overall influence of remoteness category on social capital of small effect size was observed (F 3, 74909) = 1042.53, p <.001, eta-squared =.040).
Unified only by his flair for the fantastic, the films reflect with typically Fellinian irony on a variety of postmodern topics: the role of the male in an increasingly feminist society, the infantilizing effects of television, the remoteness of artistic creativity from political reality, and the growing homogenization of popular culture.
However, this could be considered a facet of the effect of interest (i.e., geographic remoteness), as could, for example, differences in drought exposure or impact between remote communities and urban communities.
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