Today several hundred more or less scholarly books and thousands of articles shed substantial light on the psychology, techniques, and effects of propaganda campaigns, major and minor.
For many practical purposes, the best means of measuring or perhaps one had better say estimating the effects of propaganda is apt to be the method of extensive observation, guided of course by well-reasoned theory and inference.
But the effect of this propaganda has been to put in danger many African migrants and dark-coloured Libyans.
"That is an indication of that radicalisation, the effect of the propaganda and the way the messages of Daesh are resonating with some individuals".
He failed to win large-scale middle- or working-class support outside Parliament, as he had hoped, and the main effect of his propaganda was to draw rival groups of Liberals together.
Yet the more likely effect of this propaganda was to stoke anger against Mr Putin.Alfred Kokh, a former deputy prime minister, predicts that Mr Putin's popularity rating and legitimacy are likely to suffer, not least because of the economic reforms he will have to undertake.
For [Busby] Berkeley, as for [Leni] Riefenstahl, the human form, whether individual or en masse, is merely the raw material for new technical effects, whether of propaganda or visual stylization….
Thus the Declaration of Independence is, in effect, a work of propaganda -- or, to put it more politely, an exercise in public diplomacy intended to enlist other countries to the cause.
But questions about the effects of hateful propaganda and whether journalists should exercise self-restraint or even self-censorship in dangerous moments are topical.
