If the jammer is far away from the destination, the proposed scheme can significantly reduce the effect of jamming.
Thus, the effect of jamming by the constant jammer is determined to be above 90 % with respect to the average PDR of various probabilities.
As the effect of jamming at each node is probabilistic, the state of being jammed will also be non-deterministic and, hence, must be studied using a stochastic framework.
The effect of JAM-A targeting morpholino was confirmed by western blotting showing reduced JAM-A protein (see Supplementary material online, Figure S12 ).
The lack of effect of JAM-C antibody on cartilage might be accounted for, in part, by the lack of sensitivity of safranin O staining, which cannot detect subtle changes in cartilage degradation.
Given the pro-tumorigenic cellular processes governed by β1-integrin signalling and given the effect of JAM-A expression on β1-integrin protein expression, it was logical to hypothesize that JAM-A may directly regulate downstream β1-integrin-mediated processes.
To probe whether this was a specific effect of JAM-A knockdown on β1-integrin in breast cancer cells, the expression of several integrin subunit proteins was analyzed following JAM-A knockdown in MCF7 breast cancer cells.
Fibronectin binds multiple β1-integrin proteins through an RGD domain [ 31] and thus was used to facilitate analysis of the effects of JAM-A knockdown.
Such effects of JAM-A could facilitate the development of hypertension, and consistent with this idea, downregulation of JAM-A in young SHRs with morpholino delayed the usual age-dependent progression of hypertension.
Importantly, these studies led to identify that the chemical inhibition of Rap-1 reproduces the effects of JAM-A abrogation, thus opening the possibility of developing specific drugs to improve stem cell engraftment.
