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The analysis of the response times (RTs) for novel and familiar expected and unexpected stimuli showed a significant main effect of expectation (F1,16 = 5.50, P = 0.03).
The effect of expectation, on the other hand, was strongest in V1 and significantly decreased going up the cortical hierarchy (i.e. to V2 and V3).
Aim of this study is to determine the effect of expectation on the perception of pain experimentally induced by the series of higher- and lower-intensity stimuli.
Prolonged effect of expectation on pain perception and possible symmetry in conditions of lower- and higher-intensity stimuli is yet to be studied.
However, neither the effect of expectation (F2,44 = 2.58, p = 0.087) or spatial attention (F2,44 = 1.24, p = 0.30) significantly differed between regions, suggesting that the inconsistencies between regions may not be reliable, and more likely due to noise.
The finding that expected emotional events evoke enhanced behavioral and brain responses than the unexpected ones do provides a strong piece of evidence for the effect of expectation on emotion processing.
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However, the indirect effect of expectations was significantly more positive than the effect of objective technological characteristics.
Research suggests that the effect of expectations is most pronounced at the start of the school year or at the beginning of new tasks and topics.
Some research experts see a danger of the "true believer" effect, of expectations shaping results (not exactly a novelty in conventional medicine either).
This study investigates retrospectively whether a single week of LT is as effective as two weeks, whether males and females respond differently, and whether there is an effect of expectations as assessed before treatment.
We also performed a bivariate correlation for each ROI, between normative goals and the effect of expectations on feedback sensitivity: "HARD" (positive > negative feedback) > "EASY" (positive > negative feedback).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com