Sentence examples for effect of escapees from inspiring English sources

The nonlinear effect of escapees through density-dependent interactions also depends on the timing of natural selection.

Analysis of the relative spawning success of aquaculture escapees (ν S ) allows us to separate the demographic effect of escapees increasing the density-dependent mortality of wild individuals (population size when ν S = 0, or no cultured-origin fish spawn) from the fitness effect that occurs when spawning of cultured-origin individuals and interbreeding with the wild population occurs (Fig. 5).

Therefore, assuming the goal is to minimize unintended consequences for wild populations, the relative efficacy of different strategies to reducing escapees at different life cycle stages will depend on the relative roles of demographic and genetic interactions in determining the effects of escapees as well as the timing of critical density-dependent interactions in the life cycle.

Any potential for aquaculture to select for fish with greater competitive ability due to larger body sizes or greater feeding aggression (Gross 1998; Naylor et al. 2005) will increase the demographic effect of aquaculture escapees on wild populations and the importance of the relative timing of escape and density dependence.

The demographic and recovery time effects of aquaculture escapees reflect these fitness patterns (Supporting Information Appendix C, Fig. 8).

We evaluate three central metrics that indicate the genetic and demographic effects of cultured escapees.

This result, analogous to the importance of hybrid dysgenesis in the aquaculture model by Hutchings (1991), highlights the importance of both demographics and genetics for the effects of aquaculture escapees.

Therefore, this ratio and the degree of maladaptation in the aquaculture population interact to determine when substantial fitness effects of aquaculture escapees on the wild population occur (Fig. 7).

Both increasing the within-family genetic variance (Fig. 6C) and decreasing the environmental variance (Fig. 6D) increase the genetic component of the trait under selection, which increases the efficacy of selection and therefore decreases fitness effects of aquaculture escapees.

The addition to our model of trait-dependent assortative mating, and therefore reduced interbreeding between maladapted cultured escapes and wild fish, substantially decreases fitness effects of cultured escapees (Fig. 8).

When the cultured-origin individuals are maladapted enough to substantially reduce wild fitness (θ C <∼ 0.5, Fig. 5B), the fitness effects of aquaculture escapees can cause a decline in population size (Fig. 5A) and increase in recovery time (Fig. 5C) as much or greater than that due to their demographic effect.