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Rather, the law requires that if a test has the effect of disproportionately excluding minorities, then the skills it measures must be necessary to the job — a standard that the judge, Nicholas G. Garaufis, found the city did not meet.
They found evidence that the Legislature had intentionally discriminated against minority voters in drawing the districting map, and held that the photo ID law would have the effect of disproportionately suppressing minority voter turnout.
Often called "indirect discrimination" (or, in American law, "disparate-impact" discrimination), this form is said to consist in actions, policies, or systems of rules that have the effect of disproportionately disadvantaging the members of a particular socially-salient group.
Disparate impact is the idea that even neutral discipline policies can be illegal if they have the effect of disproportionately impacting one group of students. .
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This side effect of climate change will disproportionately affect certain demographics — specifically, people who can't afford to run their air conditioning all night, and the elderly, who have a harder time regulating their body temperature.
Although freshwater flux over salt marshes is negligible relative to the tidal prism, rainfall effects may facilitate the redistribution of disproportionately large volumes of marsh sediment.
One harmful side effect of Sarbox is that it disproportionately hurts small businesses by burdening them with relatively huge accounting compliance costs and is therefore a barrier to smallish companies going public.
Together with Haldane's (1922) rule, the disproportionately large effect of the X chromosome constitutes a major rule of speciation (Coyne and Orr 1989).
The health effects of poor housing disproportionately affect vulnerable people: older people living isolated lives, the young, those without a support network and adults with disabilities.
Similarly, at least a dozen states have tried, with varying success, to impose new voter ID requirements, the effect of which is to make it disproportionately harder for African-Americans, Hispanics, students and the poor elderly to vote.
Our experience across a range of schools and further education colleges strongly suggests that this effect is disproportionately concentrated on pupils from BME and disadvantaged backgrounds.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com