Lord Hope, together with Lord Walker, nonetheless recognised that the policy adopted by the OCR had the indirect effect of disadvantaging certain Jews.
Hoffman's opinion, commissioned by PMI, argues that "a prohibition on the use of a trademark, which has the effect of disadvantaging those with strong marks against those with weak marks", cannot be justified.
Because it cuts across so much of the thrust of existing government policy, which is aimed at relieving the effects of disadvantage through education.
The news drew sharp criticism from Labour's shadow education secretary, Lucy Powell, who accused the Conservatives of sabotaging its efforts to use education to counteract the effects of disadvantage.
But the study by Universities UK's social mobility action group offered few concrete suggestions on how to overcome the effects of disadvantage, and instead called for further data collection, analysis and sharing of best practice between institutions.
Combating the effects of disadvantage and poor schooling, according to the report, "may also require wider use of contextual admissions processes in which universities identify an applicant's potential as well as their prior attainment in determining admissions".
Other experts show how a universal health and education offer – with targeted additional support for disadvantaged children, such as the pupil premium, free access to extended schools activities, or antenatal support – is central to overcoming the effects of disadvantage.
The news instantly drew sharp criticism from Labour's shadow education secretary Lucy Powell, who accused the Conservatives of sabotaging its efforts to use education to counteract the effects of disadvantage.
Unsurprisingly, Black children are still more likely to be born into poverty than White children, and the cumulative effects of disadvantage widen the black-white gap with each successive stage of life.
Second, the absence of research on interventions through which the effects of disadvantage might be mediated is a serious shortcoming of appropriately designed interventional research.
