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The results of 2a showed a limited effect of comprehension, as manipulated by context, on eye movements.
This tests whether the previous experiments are showing a true overall null effect of comprehension on eye movements, or if there may simply be a problem with our stimuli or measures.
Furthermore, as would be expected based on the gaze similarity results, the map task had even less clustering than all other conditions.5 Thus, it seems that even films with relatively weak bottom-up features show little effect of comprehension on eye movements.
Moreover, the facilitative effect of comprehension on language-related tasks is revealed in simple nativization drills, such as the changing of character and location names into native ones (e.g., when a Japanese English learner replaces "Barack Obama lives in Washington D.C". with "Shinzo Abe lives in Tokyo") [8].
One potential reason for the overall null effect of comprehension on eye movements with Touch of Evil (Welles & Zugsmith, 1958) could be that even though it was chosen for what appeared to be weak bottom-up features, it still guided participant eye movements as much as the Moonraker (Broccoli & Gilbert, 1979) film clip used in the previous study (Loschky et al., 2015).
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Overall, our study found few effects of comprehension on eye movements during film viewing.
They found that participants had large differences in comprehension due to their context condition, but there were relatively weak effects of comprehension on eye movements.
Overall, these results generally support the Tyranny of Film, but indicate there may be localized effects of comprehension on eye movements.
To investigate the effects of comprehension on eye movements during film viewing, we manipulated viewers' comprehension by starting participants at different points in a film, and then tracked their eyes.
Given our pattern of null effects of comprehension (i.e., context and inference) on eye movements, experiment 2b was conducted to test whether it was possible to get strong positive effects of cognition on eye movements with our stimuli and measures.
In addition, the clip is equally famous for having a single three-minute shot with no cuts, extremely rare in film history (Bazin, 1967), thus allowing us to test our previous proposal (Loschky et al., 2015) that the weak effects of comprehension on eye movements while watching a film clip was due to using as series of short (~ 2 s) shots.
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