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RNA samples were pooled across subjects in order to reduce the effect of biological variation.
RNA samples (isolated from individual crabs) were pooled across subjects in order to reduce the effect of biological variation.
To minimize the effect of biological variation between individual animals, total RNA from three age- and genotype-matched mice were pooled to constitute each sample.
To minimize the effect of biological variation between ears on the gene expression analysis, equal numbers of endosperms from the middle portion of three ears were pooled.
Total RNA was extracted from these tissues as previously described above and pooled across subjects in order to reduce the effect of biological variation.
To minimize the effect of biological variation between ears on gene expression, equal numbers of dissected endosperms from 4 ears were pooled and treated as one sample; thus a minimum of three replicated samples was used for each experiment.
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The method of pooling samples has been presented as an approach to reduce the effects of biological variation and with the additional benefit of a great reduction in the total number of samples that has to be analyzed [36], [37].
To investigate the effects of biological variation and platform variation, two-way ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) was performed.
The available chimpanzee fibroblasts are derived from both sexes, providing a window into the effects of biological variation, something the current study was unable to examine.
Experimental designs using pooling samples are often performed to reduce the effects of biological variation, making substantive differences easier to find.
To ensure more accurate measurements, five independent plants were pooled as a sample (about 0.2 0.6 g) to reduce the effects of biological variation.
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