This article separates out the effects of the institutional structure of the election on political participation with the effects of ballot design.
But it is impossible, browser makers and market researchers say, to isolate the effect of the ballot from general market trends, and there is no way to measure consumer participation in the balloting or its direct outcome.
The impact on voters' perception of EU democracy could then be immense, because voters have been told that one effect of their ballot is to decide who heads the commission.
Our results show that there is an effect of the ballot design on the amount of invalid votes and that this effect varies with education level.
Perhaps the clearest effect of the crowded ballot, however, was realized among candidates who were returning to the ballot from last year.
To study the effect of the "useful vote" on the ballots, we propose a model where a vote results from the competition between two mechanisms: the tendency to align with peers (herding) and the "useful vote" [19].
Vice President Al Gore raised the issue of the disproportionate effect of the punch-card ballot yesterday as he defended the Democrats' demands for recounts in three counties that used them.
While most of the literature on information shortcuts in open-list PR systems focuses on the importance of ballot position effects, the influence of a candidate's localness has widely been ignored by existing studies.
"I don't know how many times I was asked about the down-ballot effect of Donald Trump, Waldenn said, "and how many times I said, 'We don't see it in the data.' And I'd say, 'Show me the up-ballot lift of Hillary Clinton.' Because what we saw in the data was she was a drag on Democrats".
But California's biggest risk may be the lasting effect of Proposition 13, the 1978 ballot initiative that drastically lowered property taxes and has made them difficult to increase since then.
