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The positive effect of AOC on viability was not confounded by age effects.
However, we found no evidence that the effect of AOC on survival was stronger in either sex.
Hence, all the above analyses indicate that the effect of AOC on survival was not confounded by age effects.
The effect of AOC on viability was relatively strong, as an increase of 1 standard deviation in AOC was positively associated to a ca. 20% change in annual survival.
A difference in the effect of AOC on viability between males and females could be expected, given the inherently different role of either sex in socio-sexual and reproductive functions, and thus oxidative challenge they entail (e.g. [46]), although the sign of this difference could not be predicted.
Moreover, Cox analyses on a subset of data while including age as a covariate (see Methods) consistently showed that the effect of AOC on the hazard of death was highly significantly negative (coefficient (SE) = −6.8 * 10−3 (2.3 * 10−3), χ2 = 9.02, df = 1, P = 0.003).
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We had no specific 'directional' prediction on the patterns of sex-related variation in the effects of AOC on individuals of either sex, because the relative impact of sex-specific socio-sexual and reproductive activities on antioxidant defense is unknown.
A simple test of the association between AOC and age as observed in the whole population would suffer from the potentially confounding effect of selection, because AOC may covary with age if individuals with large AOC are also better (or worse) at surviving.
Veterans also experienced episodes of AOC without LOC (only AOC).
Repeatability of AOC measures was tested on 62 samples that were assayed in duplicate, and was found to be large and highly significant (R = 0.65, z = 4.29, P<0.001).
We tested GSH, SOD, and T-AOC in serum to assess the effects of ATO on endogenous liver antioxidant system.
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