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He could see that there must be variation in order for evolutionary change to occur, and he was convinced that variation could not be due to chance but must be the effect of a cause, implying some law-like process.
Eriugena, however, thinks of cause and effect as mutually dependent, relative terms (V 910d-912b): a cause is not a cause unless it produces an effect, an effect is always the effect of a cause.
How could this life that you and I live be the effect of a cause?
As Holland argues: 'The effect of a cause is always relative to another cause… "A causes B" almost always means that A causes B relative to some other cause that includes the condition "not A"' (15, p. 946).
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The effect of such a cause, i.e., the absence of the entity, would have to be a type of non-being (abhāva), and non-being is unreal.
Importantly, such causal reasoning works in two directions: one can identify the effect of a given cause (predictive reasoning), but also the cause of an observed effect (diagnostic reasoning).
That is, what is the difference between sequences related as cause to effect and those related as effect to cause or as effect to joint effect of a common cause?
That a world as beautiful as ours might be the effect of an unintelligent cause is a possibility that does not so much as cross Plato's mind.
At each sampling instance, the probabilities that the process operates under the effect of an assignable cause are updated using Bayes' theorem.
Reichenbach had analyzed such examples by seeing both the barometer's fall and the storm as effects of a common cause and offering a statistical condition to encompass situations in which common causes are present.
For example, suppose that the events c and e are effects of a common cause d.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com