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"After a few sessions of ECT the symptoms are those of moderate cerebral contusions... Electroconvulsive therapy in effect may be defined as a controlled type of brain damage produced by electrical means..
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Using this framework, the total causal effects may be defined as follows: β ij = ∂ ∂x E (X j | do (X i = x ) ) and are equal to 0 if X i is not an ancestor of X j.
For most (continuous) parameters, a percent change would be the obvious effect metric, being the only measure that may be defined as representing an equal effect size among different species and individuals (with different background responses).
Analytical interference may be defined as the effect of a substance in a sample that alters the correct value of the result [ 49].
Receiving environments may be defined differently if potential effects on the crop management system are considered or if potential effects on non-target organisms are assessed.
The initial state may be defined for example, by the competition effects in the past.
Toxicology may be defined as the study of the adverse effects of chemical and physical agents on biological organisms.
Edibility may be defined by criteria that include absence of poisonous effects on humans and desirable taste and aroma [ 2, 3].
Clinical significance may be defined as "the practical or applied value or importance of the effect of an intervention" (Kazdin 1999).
However, complications may be defined as the persistent, permanent, and life-threatening delayed toxic effects of SM.
Thus, the GCTA-based heritability may be defined as the proportion of variance due to the additive effects of common SNPs represented across a DNA array.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com