"This is linking, showing a cause and effect link, between exposure to farm dust and fewer allergies.
However, I do see a cause and effect link between global warming and higher temperatures, through the addition of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere.
Part of the interest is that epidemiologic work has improved in finesse and significant detrimental effects are observed at increasingly lower levels – thus pressing the need for more information on effects, links between soil and water pollution and adverse health effects (mainly epidemiology on children neuro-cognitive development in the case of Pb).
How often is there a direct cause-and-effect link between events on screen and behavior in the real world?
But the study could not demonstrate a cause-and-effect link between smoking and movie viewing because it was based on statistical correlations.
"But there's no cause-and-effect link between it and any harm suffered by this or that person," Mr. Haddad said.
Klein uses torture as a metaphor, and does not claim any cause-and-effect link between its re-emergence and the rise of neo-liberal shock therapy; but she does point to some disquieting similarities.
In addition to this circumstantial evidence, they identified a mechanism that explains the association, suggesting that there was indeed a cause-and-effect link between the changes in vegetation and the climatic effects.
"It reminds us that there isn't always a direct cause-and-effect link between what is done wrong and who gets punished," said Mr. Hunt, who, along with Mr. Chong and a group of therapists, interviewed more than 80 refugee children to select five emotionally strong enough to tell their stories onstage.
Nor have they demonstrated a cause-and-effect link between improvements in those nonfinancial areas and in cash flow, profit, or stock price". The authors' survey of 157 companies showed that only 23% had done extensive modeling to determine the causes of the effects they were measuring.
