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In addition, the return effect line diverts from the zero horizontal line along the test score distribution, indicating that male students at the higher end of the distribution are more efficient in transforming education inputs into higher numeracy test scores.
Panel B in Fig. 2 additionally shows that at grades 5 and 7, the characteristic effect line diverts from the zero horizontal line along the test score distribution (i.e. the effect is more negative), suggesting that female students at the higher end of the distribution possess more of the characteristics associated with higher numeracy scores.
In contrast, the increasing contribution of the return effect can be viewed as the return effect line first approaches the zero horizontal line from above then gets closer to the total gap line which is always below the zero horizontal line.
The black dashed line indicates 0.00, the no effect line.
Vertical reference lines are ±10 points for MDs and zero (no effect line).
23 They found all estimates of relative risks of cardiovascular death imprecise and largely overlapping the null effect line, compatible with substantial harms or benefits.
Similar(50)
The National Audit Office reports that the Department for Education, which now in effect line-manages thousands of schools, hasn't really got a clue what is going on in many of them.
They were derided, often by fellow American feminists, for in effect lining up with with the conservative right against porn.
Since only one single point (LC50) for the concentration effect function was considered under both criteria, Demetrio et al. (2014) proposed to accept the criteria as valid only when the concentration effect lines were parallel.
It's simply beyond the powers of human calculation to trace a clean cause-effect line.
From these, the age of the mother was expressed with decimal numbers, therefore the "continuous" specification in the effects line (i.e. real values).
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com