But economists studying the historical record have concluded that the effect is small, dwarfed by considerations like profit growth.
This suggests that the root effect is small or is offset by high organic matter content in the surface layer under RT, and that the magnitude of the effect was greater under CT.
Without the reassurance that such hypothetical research might provide, we will have to make do with the observation that if e-cigarettes somehow make smoking more prevalent among teenagers than it otherwise would have been, the effect is small enough that smoking by high school students continues a decline that began in the late 1990s.
Long-term female young adult survivors of malignancies are less likely than controls to have childbirth after diagnosis; the overall effect is small and is influenced by prediagnosis childbirth and malignancy type.
In our study, this location-induced confounding effect is small, as can be seen by comparing the estimated effects yielded by Besag, York and Molliè models against those yielded by conventional Poisson regression (see Tables 2 and 4).
The results for every single trial are presented in the Appendix B. The risk for publication bias (i.e. studies with small sample size are more likely not to be published if their effect is small to moderate) is assessed by means of the funnel plot, which displays the relationship between the sample size and the effect size of the studies.
For the axial angle, the effect is smaller, and would broaden the distribution by ±6°.
While the program increased average savings at the 18-month point, the effect was small and statistically insignificant by the 42-month point.
However, this effect was small, d = .224, and largely driven by the effects of individual-housing in B6 mice although the interaction was not significant.
This summary (or pooled) measure is meaningful only if the magnitude of heterogeneity between study effects is small and can be explained by sampling variation.
