Confirmation of its pharmacological effect was established by gross behavioural observations subsequent to the administration in the home cage when the animal displayed behavioural depression characterized by sedation, ptosis, and akinesia [31] [33].
First, the significance of the overall effect was established by 1000 runs of a permutation test using Map Manager QTXb20 and then, if the overall effect exceeded the genome-wide 5% significance level, the interaction was tested using approximate genome-wide thresholds obtained as described by Knott et al. [20].
Statistical significance of the interaction effect was established by comparing the log-likelihoods of two models: one with interaction terms included and the second with only direct genetic and phenotypic effects.
The economic effects were established by undertaking an incremental cost-effectiveness analysis.
Treatment effects were established by nonparametric Wilcoxon tests.
As above, the statistical significance of the interaction effects was established by comparing the log-likelihoods of the model with interaction terms included, with the second model with only direct genetic effects of either locus (i.e., only including first four terms above).
Since paralog divergence is reflective of divergence time, the selection pressure quantified by <ν> is normalized to Ks <ν>, and the buffering effect resulting from subfunctionalization is established by plotting Ks <ν> versus <η>.
However, allopatric speciation could also result from a founder effect, where a new population is established by a small number of individuals, often by long-distance dispersal, with subsequent restricted gene flow leading to speciation [ 6, 7].
Note that the effect of Differentiating on the intercept is established by taking the measurement of Differentiating at Time 1, while the effect of Differentiating on the trend is the effect of the slope of Differentiating on the trend of Depression.
Founder effects occur when a population is established by a small number of people or when a bottleneck occurs that reduces the population to a small number.
