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The geometrical effect is approximated from pressure-loss coefficients of several types of fittings and valves.
Variability of fluid velocity and concentration within a block is not resolved and the combined spreading effect is approximated using resolved quantities and macroscopic parameters.
The usage of computer resources in the finite-element method can even be reduced much further when (1) scattering calculations involving multiple electron energies are preformed in one computer run and (2) exchange, which is a short range effect, is approximated by a sparse matrix.
The upper bound of SNR in a dual-hop system having non-identical Weibull distributions is considered in [16], where the overall SNR effect is approximated by selecting a channel having the minimum SNR.
In a series of model calculations the image charge effect is approximated by introducing a negative elementary point charge (−1 e) located at variable distances in axial position to [AuTPP]+.
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Due to the high computational cost of simulating such a large molecule, Alvarez-Puebla et al. [86] did not include solvating water, although its effect was approximated by introducing frictional forces through a Langevin scheme [87].
In the Maximum Marginal Likelihood Estimation approach integration over random effects is approximated by numerical integration.
Local site effects were approximated by applying the popular Nakamura technique [32, 33] which is based on the horizontal to vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) of ambient noise recordings at a site, using a three-component seismograph.
CVE reduction effects were approximated on the basis of their effect on total cholesterol:HDL cholesterol ratios relative to rosuvastatin 20 mg.
The TRAIL effects were adapted from a previously published model (Albeck et al., 2008b), and the LY30 effects were approximated from our previously published experiments on LY30 (Poh and Pervaiz, 2005; Poh et al., 2007; Shenoy et al., 2009).
This approximation can be intuitively interpreted as a Wishart approximation where the effect of "windowing" is approximated with a rectangular window with an effective number of samples of N e and the covariance matrix of the received data is scaled to A e =w e A".
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